Java Interview questions and Answers

                                                                 THREADS

What is synchronization in respect to multi-threading in Java?

With respect to multi-threading, synchronization is the capability to control the access of multiple threads to shared resources. Without synchronization, it is possible for one Java thread to modify a shared variable while another thread is in the process of using or updating same shared variable. This usually leads to erroneous behavior or program.

Explain different way of using thread?

A Java thread could be implemented by using Runnable interface or by extending the Thread class. The Runnable is more advantageous, when you are going for multiple inheritance.

What is the difference between Thread.start() & Thread.run() method?

Thread.start() method (native method) of Thread class actually does the job of running the Thread.run() method in a thread. If we directly call Thread.run() method it will executed in same thread, so does not solve the purpose of creating a new thread.

Why do we need run() & start() method both. Can we achieve it with only run method?

We need run() & start() method both because JVM needs to create a separate thread which can not be differentiated from a normal method call. So this job is done by start method native implementation which has to be explicitly called. Another advantage of having these two methods is we can have any object run as a thread if it implements Runnable interface. This is to avoid Java’s multiple inheritance problems which will make it difficult to inherit another class with Thread.

What is ThreadLocal class? How can it be used?

Below are some key points about ThreadLocal variables

• A thread-local variable effectively provides a separate copy of its value for each thread that uses it.
• ThreadLocal instances are typically private static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread
• In case when multiple threads access a ThreadLocal instance, separate copy of Threadlocal variable is maintained for each thread.
• Common use is seen in DAO pattern where the DAO class can be singleton but the Database connection can be maintained separately for each thread. (Per Thread Singleton)

When InvalidMonitorStateException is thrown? Why?

This exception is thrown when you try to call wait()/notify()/notifyAll() any of these methods for an Object from a point in your program where u are NOT having a lock on that object.(i.e. u r not executing any synchronized block/method of that object and still trying to call wait()/notify()/notifyAll()) wait(), notify() and notifyAll() all throw IllegalMonitorStateException. since This exception is a subclass of RuntimeException so we r not bound to catch it (although u may if u want to). and being a RuntimeException this exception is not mentioned in the signature of wait(), notify(), notifyAll() methods.

What is the difference between sleep(), suspend() and wait() ?

Thread.sleep() takes the current thread to a "Not Runnable" state for specified amount of time. The thread holds the monitors it has acquired. For example, if a thread is running a synchronized block or method and sleep method is called then no other thread will be able to enter this block or method. The sleeping thread can wake up when some other thread calls t.interrupt on it. Note that sleep is a static method, that means it always affects the current thread (the one executing sleep method). A common mistake is trying to call t2.sleep() where t2 is a different thread; even then, it is the current thread that will sleep, not the t2 thread. thread.suspend() is deprecated method. Its possible to send other threads into suspended state by making a suspend method call. In suspended state a thread keeps all its monitors and can not be interrupted. This may cause deadlocks therefore it has been deprecated. object.wait() call also takes the current thread into a "Not Runnable" state, just like sleep(), but with a slight change. Wait method is invoked on a lock object, not thread.

Here is the sequence of operations you can think

• A thread T1 is already running a synchronized block with a lock on object - lets say "lockObject"
• Another thread T2 comes to execute the synchronized block and find that its already acquired.
• Now T2 calls lockObject.wait() method for waiting on lock to be release by T1 thread.
• T1 thread finishes all its synchronized block work.
• T1 thread calls lockObject.notifyAll() to notify all waiting threads that its done using the lock.
• Since T2 thread is first in the queue of waiting it acquires the lock and starts processing.

What happens when I make a static method as synchronized?

Synchronized static methods have a lock on the class "Class", so when a thread enters a synchronized static method, the class itself gets locked by the thread monitor and no other thread can enter any static synchronized methods on that class. This is unlike instance methods, as multiple threads can access "same synchronized instance methods" at same time for different instances.

Can a thread call a non-synchronized instance method of an Object when a synchronized method is being executed ?

Yes, a Non synchronized method can always be called without any problem. In fact Java does not do any check for a non-synchronized method. The Lock object check is performed only for synchronized methods/blocks. In case the method is not declared synchronized Jave will call even if you are playing with shared data. So you have to be careful while doing such thing. The decision of declaring a method as synchronized has to be based on critical section access. If your method does not access a critical section (shared resource or data structure) it need not be declared synchronized. Below is the example which demonstrates this, The Common class has two methods synchronizedMethod1() and method1() MyThread class is calling both the methods in separate threads,

1. public class Common {   
2.   
3. public synchronized void synchronizedMethod1() {   
4. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 called");   
5. try {   
6. Thread.sleep(1000);   
7. } catch (InterruptedException e) {   
8. e.printStackTrace();   
9. }   
10. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 done");   
11. }   
12. public void method1() {   
13. System.out.println("Method 1 called");   
14. try {   
15. Thread.sleep(1000);   
16. } catch (InterruptedException e) {   
17. e.printStackTrace();   
18. }   
19. System.out.println("Method 1 done");   
20. }   
21. }  

public class Common {

public synchronized void synchronizedMethod1() {

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 called");

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 done");

}

public void method1() {

System.out.println("Method 1 called");

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println("Method 1 done");

}

}

1. public class MyThread extends Thread {   
2. private int id = 0;   
3. private Common common;   
4.   
5. public MyThread(String name, int no, Common object) {   
6. super(name);   
7. common = object;   
8. id = no;   
9. }   
10.   
11. public void run() {   
12. System.out.println("Running Thread" + this.getName());   
13. try {   
14. if (id == 0) {   
15. common.synchronizedMethod1();   
16. } else {   
17. common.method1();   
18. }   
19. } catch (Exception e) {   
20. e.printStackTrace();   
21. }   
22. }   
23.   
24. public static void main(String[] args) {   
25. Common c = new Common();   
26. MyThread t1 = new MyThread("MyThread-1", 0, c);   
27. MyThread t2 = new MyThread("MyThread-2", 1, c);   
28. t1.start();   
29. t2.start();   
30. }   
31. }  

public class MyThread extends Thread {

private int id = 0;

private Common common;

public MyThread(String name, int no, Common object) {

super(name);

common = object;

id = no;

}

public void run() {

System.out.println("Running Thread" + this.getName());

try {

if (id == 0) {

common.synchronizedMethod1();

} else {

common.method1();

}

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Common c = new Common();

MyThread t1 = new MyThread("MyThread-1", 0, c);

MyThread t2 = new MyThread("MyThread-2", 1, c);

t1.start();

t2.start();

}

}

Here is the output of the program

1. Running ThreadMyThread-1   
2. synchronizedMethod1 called   
3. Running ThreadMyThread-2   
4. Method 1 called   
5. synchronizedMethod1 done  
6. Method 1 done  

Running ThreadMyThread-1

synchronizedMethod1 called

Running ThreadMyThread-2

Method 1 called

synchronizedMethod1 done

Method 1 done

This shows that method1() - is called even though the synchronizedMethod1() was in execution.

Can two threads call two different synchronized instance methods of an Object?

No. If a object has synchronized instance methods then the Object itself is used a lock object for controlling the synchronization. Therefore all other instance methods need to wait until previous method call is completed. See the below sample code which demonstrate it very clearly. The Class Common has 2 methods called synchronizedMethod1() and synchronizedMethod2() MyThread class is calling both the methods

1. public class Common {   
2. public synchronized void synchronizedMethod1() {   
3. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 called");   
4. try {   
5. Thread.sleep(1000);   
6. } catch (InterruptedException e) {   
7. e.printStackTrace();   
8. }   
9. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 done");   
10. }   
11.   
12. public synchronized void synchronizedMethod2() {   
13. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod2 called");   
14. try {   
15. Thread.sleep(1000);   
16. } catch (InterruptedException e) {   
17. e.printStackTrace();   
18. }   
19. System.out.println("synchronizedMethod2 done");   
20. }   
21. }  

public class Common {

public synchronized void synchronizedMethod1() {

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 called");

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod1 done");

}

public synchronized void synchronizedMethod2() {

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod2 called");

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

System.out.println("synchronizedMethod2 done");

}

}

1. public class MyThread extends Thread {   
2. private int id = 0;   
3. private Common common;   
4.   
5. public MyThread(String name, int no, Common object) {   
6. super(name);   
7. common = object;   
8. id = no;   
9. }   
10.   
11. public void run() {   
12. System.out.println("Running Thread" + this.getName());   
13. try {   
14. if (id == 0) {   
15. common.synchronizedMethod1();   
16. } else {   
17. common.synchronizedMethod2();   
18. }   
19. } catch (Exception e) {   
20. e.printStackTrace();   
21. }   
22. }   
23.  public static void main(String[] args) {   
24. Common c = new Common();   
25. MyThread t1 = new MyThread("MyThread-1", 0, c);   
26. MyThread t2 = new MyThread("MyThread-2", 1, c);   
27. t1.start();   
28. t2.start();   
29. }   
30. }  

public class MyThread extends Thread {

private int id = 0;

private Common common;

public MyThread(String name, int no, Common object) {

super(name);

common = object;

id = no;

}

public void run() {

System.out.println("Running Thread" + this.getName());

try {

if (id == 0) {

common.synchronizedMethod1();

} else {

common.synchronizedMethod2();

}

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Common c = new Common();

MyThread t1 = new MyThread("MyThread-1", 0, c);

MyThread t2 = new MyThread("MyThread-2", 1, c);

t1.start();

t2.start();

}

}

What is a deadlock?

Deadlock is a situation where two or more threads are blocked forever, waiting for each other. This may occur when two threads, each having a lock on one resource, attempt to acquire a lock on the other's resource. Each thread would wait indefinitely for the other to release the lock, unless one of the user processes is terminated. In terms of Java API, thread deadlock can occur in following conditions:

• When two threads call Thread.join() on each other.
• When two threads use nested synchronized blocks to lock two objects and the blocks lock the same objects in different order.

What is Starvation? and What is a Livelock?

Starvation and livelock are much less common a problem than deadlock, but are still problems that every designer of concurrent software is likely to encounter.

LiveLock

Livelock occurs when all threads are blocked, or are otherwise unable to proceed due to unavailability of required resources, and the non-existence of any unblocked thread to make those resources available. In terms of Java API, thread livelock can occur in following conditions:

• When all the threads in a program execute Object.wait(0) on an object with zero parameter. The program is live-locked and cannot proceed until one or more threads call Object.notify() or Object.notifyAll() on the relevant objects. Because all the threads are blocked, neither call can be made.
• When all the threads in a program are stuck in infinite loops.

Starvation

Starvation describes a situation where a thread is unable to gain regular access to shared resources and is unable to make progress. This happens when shared resources are made unavailable for long periods by "greedy" threads. For example, suppose an object provides a synchronized method that often takes a long time to return. If one thread invokes this method frequently, other threads that also need frequent synchronized access to the same object will often be blocked. Starvation occurs when one thread cannot access the CPU because one or more other threads are monopolizing the CPU. In Java, thread starvation can be caused by setting thread priorities inappropriately. A lower-priority thread can be starved by higher-priority threads if the higher-priority threads do not yield control of the CPU from time to time.

How to find a deadlock has occurred in Java? How to detect a Deadlock in Java?

Earlier versions of Java had no mechanism to handle/detect deadlock. Since JDK 1.5 there are some powerful methods added in the java.lang.management package to diagnose and detect deadlocks. The java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean interface is management interface for the thread system of the Java virtual machine. It has two methods which can leveraged to detect deadlock in a Java application.

• findMonitorDeadlockedThreads() - This method can be used to detect cycles of threads that are in deadlock waiting to acquire object monitors. It returns an array of thread IDs that are deadlocked waiting on monitor.
• findDeadlockedThreads() - It returns an array of thread IDs that are deadlocked waiting on monitor or ownable synchronizers.

What is immutable object? How does it help in writing concurrent application?

An object is considered immutable if its state cannot change after it is constructed. Maximum reliance on immutable objects is widely accepted as a sound strategy for creating simple, reliable code. Immutable objects are particularly useful in concurrent applications. Since they cannot change state, they cannot be corrupted by thread interference or observed in an inconsistent state. Examples of immutable objects from the JDK include String and Integer. Immutable objects greatly simplify your multi threaded program, since they are

• Simple to construct, test, and use.
• Automatically thread-safe and have no synchronization issues.

To create a object immutable You need to make the class final and all its member final so that once objects gets crated no one can modify its state. You can achieve same functionality by making member as non final but private and not modifying them except in constructor.

How will you take thread dump in Java? How will you analyze Thread dump?

A Thread Dump is a complete list of active threads. A java thread dump is a way of finding out what each thread in the JVM is doing at a particular point of time. This is especially useful when your java application seems to have some performance issues. Thread dump will help you to find out which thread is causing this. There are several ways to take thread dumps from a JVM. It is highly recommended to take more than 1 thread dump and analyze the results based on it. Follow below steps to take thread dump of a java process

• Step 1
  On UNIX, Linux and Mac OSX Environment run below command:
  ps -el | grep java
  On Windows:
  Press Ctrl+Shift+Esc to open the task manager and find the PID of the java process
• Step 2:
  Use jstack command to print the Java stack traces for a given Java process PID

What is a thread leak? What does it mean in Java?

Thread leak is when a application does not release references to a thread object properly. Due to this some Threads do not get garbage collected and the number of unused threads grow with time. Thread leak can often cause serious issues on a Java application since over a period of time too many threads will be created but not released and may cause applications to respond slow or hang.

How can I trace whether the application has a thread leak?

If an application has thread leak then with time it will have too many unused threads. Try to find out what type of threads is leaking out. This can be done using following ways

• Give unique and descriptive names to the threads created in application. - Add log entry in all thread at various entry and exit points in threads.
• Change debugging config levels (debug, info, error etc) and analyze log messages.
• When you find the class that is leaking out threads check how new threads are instantiated and how they're closed.
• Make sure the thread is Guaranteed to close properly by doing following - Handling all Exceptions properly.
• Make sure the thread is Guaranteed to close properly by doing following
• Handling all Exceptions properly.
• releasing all resources (e.g. connections, files etc) before it closes.

What is thread pool? Why should we use thread pools?

A thread pool is a collection of threads on which task can be scheduled. Instead of creating a new thread for each task, you can have one of the threads from the thread pool pulled out of the pool and assigned to the task. When the thread is finished with the task, it adds itself back to the pool and waits for another assignment. One common type of thread pool is the fixed thread pool. This type of pool always has a specified number of threads running; if a thread is somehow terminated while it is still in use, it is automatically replaced with a new thread. Below are key reasons to use a Thread Pool

• Using thread pools minimizes the JVM overhead due to thread creation. Thread objects use a significant amount of memory, and in a large-scale application, allocating and de-allocating many thread objects creates a significant memory management overhead.
• You have control over the maximum number of tasks that are being processed in parallel (= number of threads in the pool).

Most of the executor implementations in java.util.concurrent use thread pools, which consist of worker threads. This kind of thread exists separately from the Runnable and Callable tasks it executes and is often used to execute multiple tasks.

Can we synchronize the run method? If yes then what will be the behavior?

Yes, the run method of a runnable class can be synchronized. If you make run method synchronized then the lock on runnable object will be occupied before executing the run method. In case we start multiple threads using the same runnable object in the constructor of the Thread then it would work. But until the 1st thread ends the 2nd thread cannot start and until the 2nd thread ends the next cannot start as all the threads depend on lock on same object

Can we synchronize the constructor of a Java Class?

As per Java Language Specification, constructors cannot be synchronized because other threads cannot see the object being created before the thread creating it has finished it. There is no practical need of a Java Objects constructor to be synchronized, since it would lock the object being constructed, which is normally not available to other threads until all constructors of the object finish

Important points of synchronized keyword in Java

1. Synchronized keyword in Java is used to provide mutual exclusive access of a shared resource with multiple threads in Java. Synchronization in java guarantees that no two threads can execute a synchronized method which requires same lock simultaneously or concurrently.2. You can use java synchronized keyword only on synchronized method or synchronized block.

3. When ever a thread enters into java synchronized method or block it acquires a lock and whenever it leaves java synchronized method or block it releases the lock. Lock is released even if thread leaves synchronized method after completion or due to any Error or Exception.

4. Java Thread acquires an object level lock when it enters into an instance synchronized java method and acquires a class level lock when it enters into static synchronized java method.

5.java synchronized keyword is re-entrant in nature it means if a java synchronized method calls another synchronized method which requires same lock then current thread which is holding lock can enter into that method without acquiring lock.

6. Java Synchronization will throw NullPointerException if object used in java synchronized block is null e.g. synchronized (myInstance) will throws NullPointerException if myInstance is null.

7. One Major disadvantage of java synchronized keyword is that it doesn't allow concurrent read which you can implement using java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock.

8. One limitation of java synchronized keyword is that it can only be used to control access of shared object within the same JVM. If you have more than one JVM and need to synchronized access to a shared file system or database, the java synchronized keyword is not at all sufficient. You need to implement a kind of global lock for that.

9. Java synchronized keyword incurs performance cost. Synchronized method in Java is very slow and can degrade performance. So use synchronization in java when it absolutely requires and consider using java synchronized block for synchronizing critical section only.

10. Java synchronized block is better than java synchronized method in java because by using synchronized block you can only lock critical section of code and avoid locking whole method which can possibly degrade performance. A good example of java synchronization around this concept is getInstance() method Singleton class. See here.

11. Its possible that both static synchronized and non static synchronized method can run simultaneously or concurrently because they lock on different object.

12. From java 5 after change in Java memory model reads and writes are atomic for all variables declared using volatile keyword (including long and double variables) and simple atomic variable access is more efficient instead of accessing these variables via synchronized java code. But it requires more care and attention from the programmer to avoid memory consistency errors.

13. Java synchronized code could result in deadlock or starvation while accessing by multiple thread if synchronization is not implemented correctly. To know how to avoid deadlock in java see here.14. According to the Java language specification you can not use java synchronized keyword with constructor it’s illegal and result in compilation error. So you can not synchronized constructor in Java which seems logical because other threads cannot see the object being created until the thread creating it has finished it.

15. You cannot apply java synchronized keyword with variables and can not use java volatile keyword with method.

16. Java.util.concurrent.locks extends capability provided by java synchronized keyword for writing more sophisticated programs since they offer more capabilities e.g. Reentrancy and interruptible locks.

17. java synchronized keyword also synchronizes memory. In fact java synchronized synchronizes the whole of thread memory with main memory.

18. Important method related to synchronization in Java are wait(), notify() and notifyAll() which is defined in Object class.
19. Do not synchronize on non final field on synchronized block in Java. because reference of non final field may change any time and then different thread might synchronizing on different objects i.e. no synchronization at all. example of synchronizing on non final field :

private String lock = new String("lock");
synchronized(lock){
System.out.println("locking on :"  + lock);

}
any if you write synchronized code like above in java you may get warning "Synchronization on non-final field"  in IDE like Netbeans and InteliJ
20. Its not recommended to use String object as lock in java synchronized block because string is immutable object and literal string and interned string gets stored in String pool. so by any chance if any other part of code or any third party library used same String as there lock then they both will be locked on same object despite being completely unrelated which could result in unexpected behavior and bad performance. instead of String object its advised to use new Object() for Synchronization in Java on synchronized block.private static final String LOCK = "lock";   //not recommended
private static final Object OBJ_LOCK = new Object(); //better
public void process() {
   synchronized(LOCK) {
      ........
   }}
21. From Java library Calendar and SimpleDateFormat classes are not thread-safe and requires external synchronization in Java to be used in multi-threaded environment.